Adam McDade
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Making a Mandala Tattoo

21/11/2018

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Overview

This post reflects and records on my experience of creating and tattooing a mandala tattoo, utilising the application ‘Amaziograph’ and software ‘Adobe Photoshop’. This piece of writing aims in part to document one aspect of how technological advancements have affected tattooing practice, and to elucidate on the process of cultural production of tattooing - drawing parallels between theory and methods from more conventional creative mediums. In addition, the purpose of this writing is to contextualise the notion of the multifaceted role of the tattooist, from the perspective of the practitioner/researcher. 

Distinct from other creative disciplines, skill refinement and development of tattooing practice typically requires the skin of someone external to the practitioner. Development of skills and ability is only possible through repetitive practice, however due to the inherently collaborative nature of tattooing, sourcing ‘materials’ for practice (other people) can be challenging.
 
In order to reduce this problem, I was advised to produce pre-drawn tattoo designs that may be offered on the Triplesix Studios social media pages, of the popular tattoo subject matter – the mandala. The rationale of this method is two-fold; despite Triplesix Studios custom operational system, multiple potential clients inquire within the store and ask to see ‘what designs we have’. It can be inferred that such clients are uncertain on what it is they hope to have tattooed, however still hope to obtain a tattoo. As a custom studio, books of pre-drawn designs (flash) are not kept or presented. The presentation of a pre-drawn image thus helps to encourage the indecisive client in design selection, following the typical format of advertising. 
 
In addition to assisting in design selection, the mandala design may be created in a time-efficient way. In contrast to the traditional Tibetan sand mandala, which is produced by a collective of Buddhist monks over a period of days in a ceremonial context before being wiped away to symbolise the impermanence of all things (anicca) and renunciation of attachments (Toupence, 2007, p.12), many tattooists conventionally now utilise an iPad and software known as ‘Amaziograph’ to produce mandala designs with relative ease and speed. Having such pre-set designs that are also commonly requested aids in increasing the potential of obtaining clients to tattoo, and practice tattooing as a result.
 
Amaziograph is a drawing symmetry application that is designed to “support lessons for symmetry and tessellation and help students to discover the beautiful connection between mathematics and art” (Amaziograph Official Manual, 2018, p.2). Within Triplesix Studios and many other studios operating in a similar way, the software is used to create mandala designs. Utilising the mirrored kaleidoscope option of the software, pressure can be applied to the iPad screen (generally with the apple pencil) in which a grid format is presented, and a mark is made. The number of points on the grid may be chosen, and each mark is duplicated in perfect symmetry in accordance to the users’ preferences of repetition. This allows for the creation of an image that is directly transferrable as a stencil for tattooing. 
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screenshot of Amaziograph application. Image Source: media.148apps.com
​As a novice to producing creative works an iPad, I assumed the process would be difficult to grasp, however found it to be relatively intuitive. I was loaned an iPad from the studio founder, and produced a number of mandala designs that where set at the predetermined price of £50. A number of the designs where composed onto an a4 sheet and placed onto the studio countertop/shared on the studio social media.
 
In addition to designs being exclusively in black, I also utilised Adobe Photoshop to inform colour selection. This was performed by opening the saved jpg mandala files in Photoshop and selecting a portion of the design using the magic wand tool, before filling the selection with a variety of tonal gradients on a separate layer. For each layer of the mandala (which may be understood as each section that is linked in that it is the same mark repeated), a new Photoshop layer was created and the gradient of colours changed. Experimenting with colours on separate layers allowed for multiple versions of colour ways to be explored with ease, the layers could be duplicated and altered accordingly. This method of practice is not necessarily traditional, in that mandalas are often tattooed in black ink exclusively, and the technique employed is that which is more in keeping with my personal approach is design work in more conventional disciplines (illustration, graphics, etc.).
 
As I had expressed some scepticism in my ability to create mandala tattoos (due to having no experience in tattooing them), a desk staff member/colleague, Lesley, expressed an interest in having me utilise a space on her arm for my skill development. Lesley requested a colour pallet of brown, pink, and teal. This was attempted digitally (using the technique described above), however the outcome wasn’t deemed successful. In this instance, Lesley and I sat with a laptop and Photoshop software, exploring a variety of colour options, before committing to a pallet of teals, purples, and greens. The design was then printed and placed alongside the non-coloured image as a reference point for the colouring process. 
Picture
original mandala (left) and coloured mandala used to inform tattooing process (right)
​The placement of the design on the arm required 2 attempts. When applying stencils, the part of the body to be tattooed must be relaxed in such a way that is natural. This is in order to ensure that the way in which the tattoo will be viewed Is in accordance to a natural posture, rather than a posture of tension. The first stencil application appeared correct when the wrist was presented as an epidermal surface to which marks can be made upon (that is, when held outwards in a way that fully exposed the area of the body to be tattooed), however the stencil appeared off centre when viewed in a natural posture. The stencil was then reapplied in accordance to how it would be viewed when the arm was down by the side of the body, thus how the tattoo would be viewed in context. This consideration may be comparative to that of an illustrator designing a book cover, with the knowledge of titles, typography, and dimensions of the book in mind – while the illustration may appear successful when viewed out of context, when placed in context the same image may not work as affectively.
 
The application of the tattoo outline followed the conventional format, of creating the outline of the tattoo initially using black ink and following the purple coloured carbon stencil to increase the likelihood of an accurate translation from source image to tattoo. Once the outline and black ink of the design was tattooed, the colour application procedure began. Unlike the outline process in which the aim was to accurately reflect the source image, the colour option sheet that was created was more of an informative aid than instructional brief. The colours on the print may not always be representative of the ink selections available to the practitioner or the level of saturation of pigment, and thus merely guide the process.
 
The role I had taken in performing each aspect of the tattoo felt like it had shifted from outline to colour. When conducting the outline, the importance was placed on craft-like conduct – that is, “… a way of doing things” that is supplemental to attaining the desired outcome (Adamson, 2007, p.6). When applying the colour, the process felt more in keeping with design training in that it required the activation of a creative capacity that wasn’t relevant to the outline process. As a requirement to fulfil the desired tattoo outcome, my role as a practitioner for this particular brief required a different skill set to tattoos created that are in keeping with the craft-like conduct alone. The finished tattoo serves as a documentation of the interplay between technology and creative practice, methods sourced from design (photoshop as an informative aid to conduct) and craft approaches to tattooing practice.
Picture
outlined and shaded mandala
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mandala with addition of colour
Picture
translation from source image to tattoo
Bibliography

Adamson, G. (2007) Thinking Through Craft. 1st Edition. London ; New York: Berg Publishers.

Amaziograph Official Manual (2018) ‘Amaziograph Official Manual’. Amaziograph. Available at: http://www.amaziograph.com/manual/AmaziographUserManual.pdf (Accessed: 14 November 2018).
​

Toupence, J. (2007) ‘Tibetan Sand Mandala.’, Skipping Stones, 19(3), pp. 12–12.
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Fruit Skin

16/4/2018

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In addition to tattooing onto fake skin, i was also advised to practice tattooing onto fruit skin, which more closely resembles the sensation of tattooing real skin.

A combination of gala melons and bananas where used, to provide a variety of textures. I was informed that the sensation of tattooing melon skin shared similarities to the sensation of tattooing elderly skin or skin that had been subject to harsh weather conditions, and toughened as a result.


The initial practice was executed on bananas and completed during the time that lettering practice was also being practiced. Some script that was originally drawn by studio artist, Dan Hartley, was applied as a stencil, but proved difficult due to the shape of the banana. It was concluded that opting for freehand would be more useful, as the design could accommodate for the shape.
​

The word ‘Saskia’ was applied multiple times on the banana, and attempted as a tattoo with varying degrees of success. Lettering and text are often jobs assigned to beginner artists, which was the rationale behind the use of text for the exercise. The emphasis on drawing text, and not writing it became true of both tattooing it and designing it, with no distinction between processes employed between tattooing words and pictures. 

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Picture

A free-hand approach to the drawing on melon skin was also applied, as the texture of the melon skin would not allow for a stencil to be transferred. In contrast to the banana skin in which the pressure of the machine was very sparse, the pressure applied to the melon skin was slightly firmer, almost carving out the area making contact with the needle and replacing it with ink. The designs drawn onto the melon skin where from Sailor Jerry flash, and collectively resembled the appearance of traditional tattoos on a limb, which are characteristically seemingly randomly placed. 

As tattooing practice continued to progress, various drawing exercises where also undertaken simultaneously. As opposed to those set by my mentors at the studio that have been previously discussed, these exercises generally where self-initiated, and where responsive to some of the ideas that arose in response to my embeddedness in the studio.
​

Influenced by some of the works produced during the process of self-initiated drawing tasks the next iteration of tattooed banana skin was executed. Some initial attempts at lettering where attempted, following on from the script exercises  previously discussed. The outcome appeared to demonstrate technical skill development, when contrasted to the previous tattooed banana. This was in part due to the flatter surface of the skin, as the edible part of the banana was discarded, providing a flatter surface to work on. 

The next investigations involved employing some of the technical skills practiced, combined with the introduction of the aesthetic sensibility I am familiar with as a designer. Much of my illustrative work is inspired by patterns and shapes present in psychedelic art works and experiences - some of the motifs that have been developed over time where then adapted into tattooing.

The visual properties of these pieces could be described as adhering to aspects of the tribal taxonomy of tattooing while also adopting elements of the avant garde. Investigations of such a nature initiated the question of if new tattoo taxonomies may be developed as a result of reflective practice? If so, when may these be appropriate, and what are their defining characteristics? As a preliminary frame of reference, the term ‘PsyTri’ was coined to describe the psychedelic tribal aesthetic of the pieces.
​

These pieces where created without the use of a stencil or freehand, with the design being tattooed directly onto the surface of the skin. This approach allowed for an element of spontaneity and flow to be present in the design, that would be restricted by the traditional approaches to tattooing of following a precise guide. 

At the period in which the banana skin tattoo’s where being created, the tasks set by the studio put greater emphasis on my own initiation of concepts or subject matter to pursue. Though this was never formally articulated, the absence of strict direction appeared to express a sense of desire for independence to be cultivated. This notion of independent growth is integral to improving confidence within tattooing, and positioning of the self in situ with the wider discipline. 

Adam McDade

 Apprentice Tattooist and PhD Research Student

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Rose

12/3/2018

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Picture
The imagery shown depicts the production of my first full tattoo ever produced (though not on human skin). The task involved taking a piece of what is referred to as ‘flash’ (pre-drawn tattoo designs that traditionally hang on the walls of tattoo shops to be selected by clients) by Sailor Jerry - a central and seminal figure in traditional Western tattooing, and tattooing as a broader discipline.

Traditional tattooing can be considered simple and graphic in aesthetic, as designs where created in keeping with the capabilities of the available tools of the time (early 20th century). Contemporary tattoo machines are significantly more
sophisticated in their design, which has lead to new aesthetic possibilities within tattooing practice. Traditional tattooing remains as a timeless aesthetic however, and is considered relatively simple to execute (though more difficult to design).
The task was assigned in order to progress from the mark making stages of the previous fake skin explorations, into tattooing a design to be considered for its visual properties. The traditional Sailor Jerry rose was deemed appropriate for the early level of competence, and provided a strong foundation to practice lining, ‘whip-shading’ and colour packing.
Lining refers to the black line that is the basis of the tattoo design. Good linework is judged on consistency and ‘cleanness’ (i.e. no evidence of wobble in the line, a consistent width of line, etc.). 

‘Whip-Shading’ is the name given to the technique to produce gradated tone usinga tattoo machine. This is done by lowering the voltage of the tattoo machine from that which would be suitable for lining (a higher voltage), to allow the shape of the needles to create an aesthetic comparable to dots. The needle used to produce line- work may often be changed for what is referred to as a ‘magnum’ - a larger grouping of needles arranged in such a way that they cover a greater surface area of the skin. The term ‘whip’ refers to the motion of the hand to create a sense of gradation - the needle is inserted and pushed away from the surface at a fast pace, comparable to techniques used with a dry brush and ink on paper.

During the tattooing of the fake skin, the booth (the area in which the tattoo takes place) was set up as it would have been had the tattoo been on human skin.

This involves wearing gloves and using a medical grade cleaning product to wipe down all surfaces that may be touched by the tattooist or the client during the process. These may be the trolley (a metal unit that holds the filled ink caps, power supply, kitchen towels etc.), arm rest, and/or the massage bed.
​

Once cleaned, the gloves are then binned and changed, before re-spraying the surfaces. This acts as an extra hygiene precaution, while also functioning as an adhesive for cling film that is then wrapped around each unit. Once the trolley is wrapped, a stack of kitchen paper and a packet of baby wipes are then placed on top of the trolley, which are used to wipe away ink/bodily secretions that occur in the tattooing process. A disposable cup filled with filtered water and often anti-bacterial soap/witch-hazel is also added, to rinse needles when changing co- lours of inks using the same needle. 

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A small amount of petroleum jelly is then applied to the station using a tongue dispenser, which acts as both a adhesive for ink caps and sometimes as a moisture agent that can be applied to the clients skin once an area of tattooing has been completed. Ink caps are placed onto the area where the petroleum jelly has been spread, which are filled with the inks that will be used for the tattoo. A disposable razor is also applied to the station, to shave any hair that is in the area of the tattoo, prior to the tattooing process beginning.
A yellow medical waste bag is secured to the trolley using either micro-pore tape or magnets, which is disposed of after each client in a medical waste bin (though only a regular bin bag was used for tattooing of fake skin). The machine power supply is then ‘bagged’ with a disposable plastic wrapping, in addition to the cables that are attached to the tattoo machine. Once wrapped, the machine is placed on the trolley. The tattoo machine is often also wrapped with cling film, and is cleaned with alcohol wipes after each use. The ‘tube’ for tattooing, which is the attachment to the machine that holds the needle and is gripped during the tattooing process, is either disposable or can be cleaned using an autoclave.
Tattooing a full design similar to that pictured, from outline to finish, may take many artists around 90 minutes, however due to my inexperience it took around 4 hours. What was learned in the initial exercises was implemented in regards to hold- ing the machine in such a way that the finger regulates the depth, working from the bottom left to top right of design to avoid rubbing off the stencil, and being sure to stretch the area with the non-tattooing hand so that the area being tattooed is taught, thus saturated. 

Adam McDade

Apprentice Tattooist and PhD Research Student

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Fake Skin 2 - Mark Making

27/2/2018

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The imagery shown here depicts both the output and the process taken for the second attempt at tattooing fake skin. The below image shows the marks to be tattooed being ‘free-handed’ by the founder, Bez, using a sharpie marker pen (a frequently used tool for work that is created without a stencil). The process of taping the fake skin described in previous posts was repeated, and the result can be seen in this image.

The symbols and marks drawn onto the fake skin where not chosen for aesthetic purposes, but for difficulty. Shapes such as the form of an ‘s’ and triangles/circles are thought to be difficult to tattoo perfectly. The purpose of inclusion of them on the fake skin was to learn how to approach such shapes and consider how the hand position may change, the positioning of the body while tattooing to adhere to a shape may adjust, and how to perform what looks like a continuous line of consistent depth without actually being executed in a single pass.

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Bez creating shapes on fake skin for me to practice on
The image of the cat on the bottom right of the skin was applied using a stencil of a design created by studio artist Stacey Green, and was applied as there was space remaining on the fake skin that hadn’t been utilised. Similar to the previous fake skin practice, the purpose was to gain control of holding the machine and gaining understanding of how to hold a machine, the depth of penetration, and become more comfortable and familiar with tattooing and the procedure.
As evident in the image, the pressure applied was too much in particular areas and has caused tears in the surface, however this is also due to the poor quality of the materials and not representative of actual skin. The image below shows the finished result of the exercise, with the fake skin being taken away from the ‘pound of flesh’ to reveal areas that had been accidentally made. 
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The end product of the second sheet of fake skin

​Adam McDade

Illustrator, Tattoo Apprentice, and PhD Research Student

​

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    Beyond the Epidermis: Research Blog

    A document of my experience working as a tattooist at Triplesix Studios, while also serving as a platform for my AHRC NPIF funded research as a PhD student in Design at the University of Sunderland.

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